than what Syrian, Israeli, Turkish, Iranian, and Russian officials expected. When Assad’s own army did not put up a fight in Aleppo, it became clear that the Iranian, Lebanese, and Iraqi Shia militias were not prepared to fight for Assad. Unlike Shia Islamists, Sunni Islamists do not feel psychologically pressured to prove their fidelity to the I

Ironically, for twelve years, from 2012 to 2024, Syria became a hot conflict zone between Shia Islamism, managed by Tehran and represented by its proxies, and Sunni Islamism, overseen by Ankara and performed by its proxies. Assad’s regime was secular, but its brutal deployment of force against civilians made its fall only a matter of time. The Ru

Development gaps in terms of geography, demographics, skills, and education can be addressed with consistent and pragmatic economic transformation efforts that must adapt to current geopolitical changes and economic realities. The country is diversifying its economic reliance through alternative systems like the Global South and BRICS, but Western

A sluggish economic performance would dent the CPP’s right to rule. Unlike the economic downturn during COVID-19, the government would not be able to blame external factors. With five years of preparation for an orderly transition, the government’s capacity to navigate the new trade environment would be sharply questioned if robust economic gro

While it is impossible to completely remove noise from the system, the objective is to limit it to the extent of providing sufficient time for computation. This is called quantum error correction. Due to noise, the physical qubits comprising the quantum computer get eaten up by the system, which then drastically reduces the number of functional or